SECTION
ONE
1. Qur'an: Surat al-Qamar (54), ayah 49.
2. Qur'an: Surat ar-Ra'd (13), ayah 8.
3. Qur'an: Surat al-Hijr (15), ayah 19.
4. Qur'an: Surat an-Nur (24), ayah 41.
5. Qur'an: Surat Ta Ha (20), ayahs 53-54.
6. Qur'an: Surat ad-Oukhan (44), ayahs 38-39.
7. Qur'an: Surat al-An'am (6), ayah 95.
8. Qur' an: Surat AI-Mulk ( 67), ayahs 1-2.
9. Hadith related by al-Bayhaqi in Shu 'ab al-Iman, and by al-Khatib at-Tabrizi
in Mishkat al-Masabih on the authority of Anas and 'Abd-Allah ibn
Mas'ud, with a transmission ofweak authority.
10. Hadith of sound authority, related by Muslim on the authority of Abu
Sa'id al-Khudri.
11. Qur' an: Surat Fussilat (41 ) ayah 10.
12. Qur'an: Surat Hud (II), ayah 61.
13. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of Anas.
14. Hadith related by the Imam Ahmad in the Musnad, and by at- Tabarani
in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, on the authority of Abu ad-Oarda', with a reliable
chain of transmission.
15. Hadith of sound authority, related on the authority of Anas ibn Malik
by the Imam Ahmad in the Musnad, and by al-Bukhari in al-Adab al-Mufrad,
and by Abu-Oawud at-Tayalisi in his Musnad.
16. Athar related by Yahya ibn Adam al-Qurashi in Kitab al-Kharaj, on
the authority of Sa'id ad-Oabbi.
SECTION
TWO
l. Qur'an : Surat Ibrahim (14), ayahs 32-34.
2. Taqi ad-Oin Ahmad ibn Taymiyah, in Majmu ' al-Fatawa.
3. According to Islamic jurisprudence, a valid analogical ruling must
nonnally be based on a definable objective cause ('illah; in this
case the fact that every created being is a sign of its Creator),
rather than being based directly on an underlying value and reason
(hikmah; in this case the beneficial functions of every created being).
This is because the hikmah is harder to define and specify .
4. Qur'an: Surat al-Anbiya' (21), ayah 30.
5. Qur'an: Surat al-Baqarah (2), ayah 164.
6. Qur'an: Surat al-An:.am (6), ayah 99.
7. Qur'an: Surat al-Hajj (22), ayah 5.
8. Qur'an: Surat al-Furqan (25), ayahs 48-49.
9. Qur'an: Surat al-Waqi'ah (56), ayahs 68-70.
10. Qur'an: Surat al-Mulk (67) ayah 30.
11. Qur'an: Surat al-Anfal (8), ayah II.
12. Qur'an: Surat an-Nahl (16), ayah 14.
13. Qur'an: Surat al-Ma'idah (5), ayah 96.
14. Qur'an: Surat al-Qamar (54), ayah 28. ,
15. Hadith related by Abu-Dawud, Ibn Majah, and al-Khallal.
16. Hadith. related by the Im.am Ahmad in the Musnad.and by Ibn Majah
on the authorIty of' Abd-Allah Ibn ' Amr , with a transmIssIon of weak
authority.
17. Qur'an: Surat al-Hijr (15), ayah 22.
18. Qur'an: Surat al-Baqarah (2), ayah 164.
19. Qur'an: Surat al-A 'raf(7), ayah 57.
20. Qur'an: Surat ar-Rahman (55), ayah 10.
21. Qur'an: Surat ar-Rum (30), ayah 20.
22. Qur'an: Surat Nuh (71), ayahs 17-18.
23. Qur'an: Surat Nuh (71), ayahs 19-20.
24. Qur'an: Surat al-Mursalat (77), ayahs 25-27.
25. Qur'an: Surat an-Nazi'at (79), ayahs 30-33.
26. Qur'an: Surat al-Hijr (15), ayahs 19-20.
27. Qur'an: Surat Ya Sin (36), ayahs 33-35.
28. Hadith of sound authority, related byal-Bukhari, Muslim, and at- Tirmidhi,
on the authority of Jabir ibn' Abd-Allah and others.
29. Qur'an: Surat 'Abasa (80), ayahs 24-32.
30. Qur'an: Surat al-Waqi'ah (56), ayahs 71-73.
31. Qur'an: Surat al-An'am (6), ayah 38.
32. Qur'an: Surat al-Hajj (22), ayah 18.
33. Qur'an: Surat al-Isra' (17), ayah 44.
34. Qur'an: Surat ar-Ra'd (13), ayah 15.
35. Qur'an: Surat al-Anbiya' (21), ayah 107.
36. Hadith related by Abu-Dawud and at- Tirmidhi on the authority of'Abd-Allah
ibn ' Amr .
37. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of'Abd-Allah ibn 'Umar and Abu-Hurayrah.
38. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of Abu-Hurayrah.
39. Hadith on sound authority, related by al-Bukhariand Muslim on the
authority of'Abd-Allah ibn 'Umar.
40. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of'Abd-Allah ibn 'Umar; and hadith related by Abu-Dawud on the
authority of 'Abd-Allah ibn 'Abbas and Abu-Hurayrah.
41. Hadith of sound authority , related by Muslim and Abu-Dawud on the
authority of Shaddad ibn Aws.
42. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim and others
on the authority of Abu-Hurayrah.
43. Hadith related by Abu-Dawud on the authority of'Amir ar-Ram.
44. Hadith related by Abu-Dawud on the authority of'Abd-Allah ibn Hubshi.
45. Qur'an: Surat al Bagarah (2) ayah 205.
46. Muwaffaq ad-Din 'Abd-Allah ibn Qudamah, in al-Mughni.
47. 'Izz ad-Din ibn 'Abdas-Salam, in Qawa 'id al-Ahkamfi Masalih
al-Anam. This passage falls within a discussion of huquq al-'ibad,
the rights or legal and moral claims of human beings and other creatures
upon each legally responsible person. The rights or legal claims
of animals are less comprehensive than those of man, and are subject to
limitations such as the defense of human life and property and the requirements
ofhuman beings for food. It is, however, significant that in Islam
the concept ofrights or legal claims enforceable by law applies to animals
as well as human beings.
SECTION
THREE
1. Hadith related by the Imam Malik in the Muwatta' with an incomplete
transmission; and by al-Hakim in al-Mustadrakwith a complete chain of
transmission; and he described it as of sound authority on the conditions
ofMuslim. This and subsequent legal principles are well known, and unless
otherwise referenced, are found in the books of al-Ashbah wa 'n-Naza
'ir by lalal ad-Din 'Abd ar- Rahman as-Suyuti and Zayn al-' Abidin ibn
Nujaym, and in the Maja/lat al- Ahkam al-'Adliyah.
2. Ahadith related by Abu-Dawud and others, on the authority ofMu'adh,
Abu-Hurayrah, and 'Abd-Allah ibn Sarjis.
SECTION
FOUR
1. Qur'an: Surat al-Qasas (28), ayah 77.
2. Qur'an: Surat al-A 'raf (7), ayah 31.
3. Qur'an: Surat ash-Shu'ara' (26), ayahs 151-152.
4. Qur'an: Surat al-A'raf(7), ayahs 56.
5. Qur'an: Surat AI'Imran (3), ayah 104.
6. Abu 'I-Faraj 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rajab, in al-Qawa 'id.
7. Hadith of sound authority, related by at- Tirmidhi and Abu-Dawud
on the authority of' A'ishah.
8. Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyah, in as-Siyasat ash-Shar 'iyah.
9. 'Izz ad-Din ibn 'Abd as-Salam, in Qawa'idal-Akhamfi Masalih
al-Anam.
10. These institutions are described under the relevant chapters of every
manual of Islamic law (fiqh).
11. These himas are mentioned by the Imam ash-Shafi'i in Kitab al Umm
and by Muwaffaq ad-Din 'Abd-Allah ibn Qudamah, in al-Mughni, as well as
in other sources.
12. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of'Abd-Allah ibn 'Abbas.
13. Hadith of sound authority , related by Muslim on the authority of
Jabir ibn ' Abd- Allah.
14. Hadith of sound authority, related by Muslim on the authority of Abu
Hurayrah.
15. Hadith of sound authority, related by al-Bukhari and Muslim on the
authority of'Abd-Allah ibn 'Umar.
SECTION
FIVE
1. Qur'an: Surat ar-Rum (30), ayah 41.
2. Qur'an: Surat al-Qasas (28), ayah 58.
3. Qur'an: Surat ad-Dukhan (44), ayahs 25-29.
